Modelling of Milk Emulsion Drying in Spray Dryers

Question: What is the Modeling of Milk Emulsion Drying in Spray Dryers? Answer: Presentation In this report we will talk about the idea of demonstrating of milk emulsion drying in splash dryers. The milk emulsion drying is a modern procedure which is utilized for creating powdered milk. This procedure is performed with the assistance of shower dryers. The splash drying process is a strategy to create a dry powder from a fluid or slurry by utilizing a hot gas. It is most favored technique for drying. In this manner, if there should arise an occurrence of milk emulsion drying procedure to create milk powder splash drying process is actualized in ventures with the assistance of shower dryers. The reason for making this report is to talk about foundation, points, targets, writing audit and techniques of displaying of milk emulsion drying in shower dryers. Following is the figure of powdered milk creation (Threlfall-Holmes, 2009). Figure: Flow Chart of Powered Milk Production As in above figure we can see utilization of shower dryers underway of milk fueled and it is a finished stream outline of milk emulsion drying in splash dryers. Conversation The conveyance of crude milk from ranches comprises of its examination and the base of this assessment is legitimate guideline of concoction, bacteriological sythesis and sensorial. When endorsement is got from this initial step then explanation of milk emulsion is done through separators, heat exchangers are utilized for heat reason and afterward stockpiling is done in tanks at 4C. In last advance, the proportion of milk fat is changed in accordance with all out solids and last item is created according to prerequisites. Presently, in next sections of report we will underscore on previously mentioned ideas in detail, for example, foundation, points, writing audit and so on. It is important to altogether comprehend in general procedure of milk emulsion drying. Foundation The shower drying hardware and strategies were created over a time of quite a few years from 1870s. The strategy of splash drying for demonstrating milk emulsion for drying was come during World War II. The explanation behind utilizing this procedure was unexpected need to lessen the heaviness of transport of food and different materials. While dissecting about milk emulsion for drying in shower dryers, we became more acquainted with about some underlying suppositions in regards to this procedure and these presumptions have been following for long time (Birchal, Passos, 2005). Those suppositions are recorded as underneath: As per first supposition of milk emulsion drying in shower dryers is that top of the dryer chamber are utilized to infuse hot gas and milk suspension in it at steady rate. Another suspicion about procedure of milk emulsion is that the gas stage that is shaped of air and fume carries on as an ideal blend and furthermore streams inside the dryers. The suspension under this procedure of milk emulsion for drying is homogeneous, uniform drops and atomized framing round and inside the chamber these are very much blended without connecting with each other. Next presumption with respect to drain emulsion is that the progression of warmth is from tourist to drops or particles. The angles of temperature inside the particles are irrelevant. The drying rate at singular premise is portrayed by water vanishing and move from a solitary molecule to the gas stage (Focus on Powder Coatings, 2003). These above talked about suspicions are viewed as essential to effectively deal with this procedure of milk emulsion for drying in shower dryers. These suspicions are not new for enterprises those arrangement in milk emulsion for drying. Before start conversation about points of milk emulsion drying, we might want to talk about shower drying process that is utilized for milk emulsion. In this way, in next section we will underscore on this basic idea. Shower Drying Process for Milk Emulsion There are five significant strides of shower drying that are required to follow for milk emulsion and those means are recorded as beneath: Fixation Atomization Bead Air Contact Bead Drying Detachment Fixation: Under this progression, before presentation feedstock is profoundly gathered into splash dryer. Atomization: This is another basic advance of splash drying process and at this phase of atomization the ideal condition for dissipation to a dried item that have wanted attributes, is made. (Birchal, Huang, Mujumdar, Passos, 2006). Bead Air Contact: Under this progression, atomized fluid is brought into contact of hot gas and it brings about the vanishing over 95% of water that is contained in the beads. Bead Drying: Under this progression, dampness dissipation is done in two phases. During first stage, an adequate measure of dampness is found in drop to supplant the fluid vanished at the surface and dissipation happens at consistent rate. When there is no longer dampness to keep up immersed conditions at surface of bead at that point second stage begins. Absence of dampness makes a dried shell structure at the surface. For this situation, dissipation relies upon the dispersal of dampness through the shell and it is expanding in thickness. Division: For definite partition stage, tornados, pack channels and electrostatic precipitators are utilized. For cleaning and to cool the air wet scrubbers are utilized (Nath, Satpathy, 1998). In this manner, by actualizing above talked about advance, shower drying process is executed effectively for milk emulsion (Bandhari, 1994). Points or destinations The procedure of milk emulsion for drying isn't a simple procedure to perform and the point of this procedure is to give a perfect item better quality measures, for example, size of molecule, conveyance, mass thickness, remaining dampness substance and morphology. The powdered milk has different application territories where it is utilized for making food and other confectionary items. To accomplish this point, shower dryers give suitable assistance (Marinos-Kouris, Maroulis, Kiranoudis, 1998). Writing Review As we have talked about above essential data about demonstrating of milk emulsion drying and from this we became acquainted with that how fundamental advances are actualized in this procedure to create powdered milk. There are different research examines accessible on this point give loads of basic data about milk emulsion. In writing survey, significant conversation themes are identified with milk emulsion incorporates shower drying innovation, its portrayal, demonstrating and reproduction and so forth. The conversation about these themes will assist with understanding procedure of milk emulsion and employments of splash dryers. It is a significant section of this report (Martins, Siqueira, Freitas, 2012). The most significant point that is talked about in the vast majority of writing audit is model advancement that is utilized in procedure of milk emulsion drying for splash dryers. The fundamental things that are associated with advancement of this model are a lot of constitutive l ogarithmic conditions and these conditions depict mass and move of warmth among gas and a solitary molecule, drying energy of a solitary molecule that is encircled by gas and the capacity of molecule home time appropriation insider the chamber (Danviriyakul, McClements, Decker, Nawar, Chinachoti, 2002). Other than model turn of events, the literary works additionally have audits for splash drying innovation. As per Gharsallaoui, Spray drying process have a few preferences that it very well may be planned by any limit required. The activity of shower drying innovation is consistent and can adjust full programmed control (Gharsallaoui, Roudaut, Chambin, Voilley, Saurel, 2007). Both warmth safe and warmth touchy items can be utilized for splash drying innovation. There are additionally a few restrictions that are found by scientists in the event of shower drying innovation. As indicated by Katta Gauvin, the concerned confinements are constrained adaptability in creating structures with complex morphologies and brisk medication discharge rates that show a burst impact. While looking into about splash drying innovation for milk emulsion, we have discovered basic boundaries of shower drying. In this report, it is basic to talk about those basic boundaries that makes shower drying process significant (Gauvin, Katta, 1976). Channel Temperature of Air This basic boundary of shower drying innovation, analyst Michael characterizes that as much as higher the temperature of delta air, the dampness dissipation will be quicker. However, for this situation, powder is presented to higher temperature and this will change the both synthetic and physical properties of items that are heat delicate (Michael, 1993). Outlet Temperature of Air About this basic boundary, Maury characterizes that estimating of powder recuperation types of gear are administered by outlet temperature of air. As much as temperature of outlet will higher, bigger the size of powder recuperation gear. The last dampness substance of powder is constrained by outlet air (Maury, Murphy, Kumar, Shi, Lee, 2005). Consistency The high consistency defers right drop arrangement. As much as speed will lower, lesser the vitality. Additionally, pressure is required to frame an example for shower. Strong Content As indicated by this basic factor of splash drying, care is required in this procedure with high strong loadings and it is important to keep up appropriate atomization that can guarantee right bead development. Surface Tension The expansion of a modest quantity of surfactant can possibly bring down the surface pressure. This give bring about a wide splash design, higher drop speed and littler bead size. Like above talked about components, Feed Temperature, Volatility of Solvent and Nozzle Material are likewise considered as basic component of splash drying process. Along these lines, by utilizing these basic components shower drying process performs milk emulsion drying. The procedure of milk emulsion has now improved. Different new advancements and methods have acquainted with upgrade procedure of milk emulsion drying in splash drying and these creative strategies incorporate shower drying for stable injectable fluid development, epitome, granulation, bioavailability and inward breath

Italian Baroque Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Italian Baroque - Assignment Example He presented pressure and high dramatization through the strategy of chiaroscuro that brought into sharp center (practically like a spotlight that is utilized feature activity or an entertainer in front of an audience) the fundamental heroes of the occasion and decided to deify the most piercing snapshot of the scene †the real demonstration of homicide †by catching the scene when the executioner is going to push the cutting edge in the middle of the fallen holy person. The holy person, it shows up, pulls back as he falls therefore conceivably connoting a definitive triumph of Christianity and the equal position of the killer’s arm and the angel’s outstretched hand maybe infers moment suffering and sainthood of Saint Mathew. The executioner is unconscious of the holy messenger and just Saint Mathew can see it along these lines indicating his godliness. The great utilization of light and shadow delineates the spectators and their feeling of frightfulness in one blinding blaze as though lightning struck when the homicide occurred. The work of art seems to catch that piercing snapshot of high show and unbridled feeling as just a perfect work of art can. Pundits are of the conclusion that Caravaggio was massively affected by the enormous scope magnificence that was so regular in manifestations during high renaissance period and some state that he was vigorously enlivened by The Martyrdom of St Peter the Martyr by Titian while executing his The Martyrdom of Saint Matthew. The Martyrdom of Saint Matthew by Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio is one among the set of three of unfading shows of Baroque school of painting that is so frequently hailed.

Bipolar Medications and Dry Mouth

Bipolar Medications and Dry Mouth When thinking about the potential side effects of bipolar medications, you may not think about one that some of them share with somewhere between 600 and 1800 other prescription drugsâ€"dry mouth. It may sound like a simple inconvenience, but we need saliva. It washes away acids from the food we eat that would otherwise eat into the teeth, and it contains minerals that help keep teeth healthy. When the mouth is constantly dry, tooth decay is much more likely. Dry mouth can greatly contribute to gum or periodontal disease  and even potential tooth loss. Gum Disease Can Be Serious Your dentist probably tells you at each visit that you should be flossing your teeth every day. Thats because flossing helps remove plaque, a bacteria-laden material that builds up on your teeth after every meal. Dry mouth can increase this build-up further, so having this problem is even more reason to clean between your teeth. When plaque gets below the gum line, it causes gum disease, called gingivitis. Beyond tooth loss, periodontal disease has been associated with heart disease and diabetes, and it has even been connected to premature births and low birth weight. Why Medications Cause Dry Mouth Many of them have anticholinergic effects, meaning they interfere with a chemical in the body that affects glands and secretions (among other things). Saliva comes from the salivary glands in the mouth, so anything that affects those glands can decrease the amount of saliva, making your mouth dry. Medications to Be Concerned About Among the drugs that can cause dry mouth are many that are prescribed in treating bipolar disorder. Some of the most notorious are the tricyclic antidepressants, although other types of antidepressants can also decrease saliva. Most of the anticonvulsants used as mood stabilizers in treating bipolar disorder can cause dry mouth, as well as several antipsychotic medications. Unfortunately, its more than a little likely that you will be prescribed something for your bipolar disorder that could put you at risk for these concerns. Klonopin (clonazepam), an anti-anxiety medication also used as to control seizures, can also cause dry mouth. In addition to those drugs that cause dry mouth, there are also medications that can cause you to grind your teeth. While this doesnt cause gum disease directly, it can make existing gum disease worse. How to Protect Your Teeth and Gums There are several methods that can be used to protect your teeth from the dental side effects of medications. The obvious ones are brushing your teeth at least twice daily and flossing once a day. Others include: drinking lots of water to keep your mouth hydratedchewing sugar-free gum with xylitoladding green tea and pomegranate juice to your dietquitting smokingmaking sure you get enough vitamin C Also, Biotene Dry Mouth products have been highly recommended. The product line includes: Biotene Dry Mouth MouthwashBiotene Dry Mouth Gel and Gel ToothpasteBiotene Dry Mouth ToothpasteACT Fluoride Mouthwash for Dry Mouth Your Dentist Can Help The one thing you should definitely do if you suffer from dry mouth or bleeding gums is to see your dentist. Only a dentist can evaluate how much damage has already been done and work with you to stabilize or improve the condition of your mouth. Make sure you give your dentist a list of all the medications you are taking. He or she will be able to spot the ones that could be contributing to your dental problems. The dentist may recommend additional treatments such as a fluoride rinse, a prescription fluoride gel, saliva substitutes, a mouth guard (if you grind your teeth), or even a prescription drug to increase saliva production if it does not conflict with your current medications.

Anaylzing the Ethnography, Witchcraft, Violence, and...

The practices of witchcraft have been around for many centuries. It was said that men in early times used the idea of magic to pay respects to the gods that ruled and brought forth an easier life. Magic was used mostly by shamans, medicine people, and witches to call the powers of the gods to help grow crops and bring water. Magic was used more often when times were hard and grew from the craziness of bad weather and little food supplies. These people who performed witchcraft would do rituals and cast spells to help call the upon the gods. Over time the use of witches and witchcraft turned sour and people were seeing less and less of them. â€Å"Witches, who were primarily women, were originally seen as wise healers whom could both†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Anthropologists have long been aware that the social production and meaning of witchcraft is an evasive issue that defies easy analysis† (Teppo, 2006). Many anthropologists such as Wilson, Gluckman, and Do uglas are a few of the most known theories and they all have come to a similar conclusion and explained witchcraft as a â€Å"downside of social relations, or a product of social tension, which is constantly able to renew itself within global modernity† (Ashforth, 2000). Ashforth believes this theory as well and continues to base his research on the social aspects of witchcraft and how it affects the people of the community. There are three main points to this ethnography that I believe Ashforth was trying to examine. The first point I believe is researched is the lives of the residents in Soweto, and how their insecurities impact their belief in witchcraft. It seems that many residents use the topic of jealousy as the main source of witchcraft and that it only increased when the inequality among blacks in South Africa increased. The newly democratized society enabled some residents to move up to the middle class, while others remained in poverty stricken areas, this lea d to the jealousy issues that increased the presence of witchcraft. The second point is the different aspects and potential causes of insecurities of the residents of Soweto. Establishing the knowledge of spiritual insecurity offered an arguable foundation of witchcraft and why

Analysis Of The Movie The Help - 1019 Words

One of the best-selling books and the film ‘The Help’ is very closely relevant to the untold stories of African-American women and their experience in service to the white women – part of the narrative of civil rights and segregation in America. The Help is less about the undermined black servants than it is about the white sympathizers, extremely close to missing the point entirely. The civil rights movement was vast and complicated and included African-Americans and white people as heroes, If the whites are all presented as the bad ones and racist, then the picture isn’t at all accurate. If a movie is made which includes white people saving black people, and the movie ends happily, then the movie is downplaying the fact that the black people had any control over their own destinies, as was the deal with the makers of the movie ‘The Help’. During the 60s, the era in the which the movie was set, when segregation was legal and economic inequalities limited job opportunities for black women, The Help represented black women who labored as domestic servants in white homes in a disappointing, stereotypical manner where the ‘Mammy’ who were obligated either by segregation or slavery to serve white families were portrayed as ‘happy-to-serve’ always, loyal, caring and happiness in serving them. This allowed the public eye to ignore the systemic racism that tied up black women to low paying jobs where they were constantly exploited. The white women were shown to find pleasure inShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Movie The Help 1187 Words   |  5 PagesThe Help is a drama set in Jackson, Mississippi during the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960’s. The film focuses on the development of Eugenia Skeeter Phelan, a young, aspiring Anglo American author trying to find her way in the world of writing. 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The Indigo Spell Chapter Twenty-Three Free Essays

string(61) " in the bag and stuffed others in my jeans and coat pockets\." FOR A MOMENT, I THOUGHT it had to be a coincidence. After all, what was so special about a peridot star? For all I knew, Alicia might have been born in August and was just sporting her birthstone among that mess of necklaces she always wore. And yet, if there was one thing I believed more than ever, it was Sonya’s adage that there were no coincidences in the world of the supernatural. We will write a custom essay sample on The Indigo Spell Chapter Twenty-Three or any similar topic only for you Order Now I sank to the floor and tried to reason my way through things. If the charm Alicia had worn was like this one, then it meant she too was a strong magic user trying to mask her abilities. Did she know about Veronica? Was Alicia trying to protect herself? If so, then it seemed like she wouldn’t have been so casual about Veronica staying at the inn. So, that meant either Alicia didn’t know about Veronica’s true nature – again, a suspicious coincidence – or that Alicia was covering for Veronica. Could Alicia be in league with Veronica? That seemed the likeliest answer to me. Although Veronica apparently sought out young, powerful magic users, it was totally possible that she’d seen the advantage of having one as an assistant. And, as we’d observed, Veronica had plenty of other victims to choose from. Alicia could therefore help and cover up Veronica’s nefarious plans – like when a curious couple came asking questions. I groaned. Alicia had been playing us from the beginning. From the instant we’d stepped through her door with stories about our anniversary and â€Å"friend† Veronica, she’d known we were lying. She’d known we weren’t actually friends with Veronica, and she might have been strong enough to fight Adrian’s compulsion a little. She’d gone along with everything – even being so helpful as to call me when Veronica had shown up again. I had no idea now what was true, if Veronica had ever left in the first place or returned from being gone. I did, however, have a sinking suspicion that my car wasn’t the only one she’d incapacitated. I could understand if she’d used the cross to find me, but how had she initially located the Mustang? I racked my brain for any identifying information. Adrian’s spirit magic should have muddled our appearances, covering up any connection to us. Then I knew. Alicia had walked us out and admired the Mustang. A clever person – someone who was already on high alert because of our visit – could’ve made note of the license plate and used it to track down where Adrian lived. But why slash the tires? To delay us, I realized. That was the night Lynne had been attacked. And we had arrived too late to warn her. The more I began to sift through the events of the last few weeks, the more I began to think we had been very, very careless. We’d thought we were being so cautious about concealing ourselves from Veronica. No one, not even Ms. Terwilliger, had considered that she might have an accomplice we also had to watch out for. And the dreams . . . those had started the day Adrian and I had been on the velvet bed. The day my garnet had slipped and had possibly been enough for Alicia to sense a magic user in the inn. Which brought me back to the present. Ms. Terwilliger. I had to tell her what I’d found. I called for a third time. Still no answer. Although I often had images of Ms. Terwilliger conducting late-night rituals, it was entirely reasonable that she’d be in bed right now. Was this the kind of thing that could wait until morning? No, I decided on the spot. No, it wasn’t. We were dealing with dangerous, violent magic users – and my car had just been attacked. Something might be happening as I stood there, trying to decide. I would have to wake her up . . . provided I could get to her. It took only a moment to make my next decision. I called Adrian. He answered on the first ring but sounded wary, which I couldn’t blame him for after what I’d done earlier. â€Å"Hello?† I prayed he was the noble guy I thought he was. â€Å"Adrian, I know things are bad between us, and maybe I have no right to ask, but I need a favor. It’s about Veronica.† There was no hesitation. â€Å"What do you need?† â€Å"Can you come over to Amberwood? I need you to help me break curfew and escape my dorm.† There were a few moments of silence. â€Å"Sage, I’ve been waiting two months to hear you say those words. You want me to bring a ladder?† The plan was already unfolding in my head. The security guards that patrolled at night would have eyes on the student parking lot, but the back property would be relatively unguarded. â€Å"I’ll get myself out of the building. If you come up the main road that leads to Amberwood and then go past the driveway you’ll see a little service road that runs up a hill and goes behind my dorm. Park there near the utility shed, and I’ll meet you as soon as I get out.† When he spoke again, his earlier levity was gone. â€Å"I’d really like to believe this is some awesome midnight adventure, but it’s not, is it? Something’s gone really wrong.† â€Å"Very wrong,† I agreed. â€Å"I’ll explain in the car.† I quickly changed into clean jeans and a T-shirt, adding a light suede jacket against the evening chill. To be safe, I also decided to pack my bag with a few supplies and bring it along. If all went well, I’d simply be warning Ms. Terwilliger tonight. But with the way things had been going lately, I couldn’t presume anything would be simple. Bringing the suitcase this time would be unwieldy, so I had to make a few quick decisions about chemicals and magical components. I tossed some in the bag and stuffed others in my jeans and coat pockets. You read "The Indigo Spell Chapter Twenty-Three" in category "Essay examples" Once I was ready, I headed down to Julia and Kristin’s room. They were dressed for bed but not asleep yet. When Julia saw me with my coat and bag, her eyes went wide. â€Å"Sweet,† she said. â€Å"I know you’ve gotten out before,† I said. â€Å"How’d you do it?† Julia’s many dates often occurred outside of sanctioned school hours, and both she and Kristin had bragged about Julia’s exploits in the past. I’d hoped perhaps Julia knew about a secret tunnel out of the school and that I wouldn’t have to attempt some crazy feat of acrobatics. Unfortunately, that was exactly what I had to do. She and Kristin walked me to their window and pointed at a large tree growing outside it. â€Å"This room has a view and easy access,† said Kristin proudly. I eyed the gnarled tree warily. â€Å"That’s easy?† â€Å"Half the dorm’s used it,† she said. â€Å"So can you.† â€Å"We should be charging people,† mused Julia. She flashed me a smile. â€Å"Don’t worry. We’ll give you a freebie tonight. Just start on that big limb there, swing over there, and then use those branches for handholds.† I found it amazing that someone who’d claimed badminton in PE was too â€Å"dangerous† would have no qualms about scaling a tree from her third-floor room. Of course, Marcus’s apartment had been on the fourth floor, and that fire escape had been a million times more unsafe than this tree. Thoughts of Alicia and Ms. Terwilliger snapped me back to the importance of my mission, and I gave Julia and Kristin a decisive nod. â€Å"Let’s do this,† I said. Julia cheered and opened the window for me. Kristin watched just as eagerly. â€Å"Please tell me you’re running off to meet some breathtakingly handsome guy,† she said. I paused, just as I was about to climb out. â€Å"Yes, actually. But not in the way you’re thinking.† Once I made it to the limb Julia had indicated, I discovered she was right. It was pretty simple – so simple, in fact, that I was surprised no school official had noticed this easy access escape route and chopped it down. Well, so much the better for those of us with late-night errands. I made it to the ground and waved goodbye to my watching friends. The dorm’s back property had some lights on it, exactly for the reason of deterring wayward students like me. It was also along the patrol route of one of the security guards but wasn’t a spot he stayed regularly stationed at. He wasn’t in sight, so I crossed my fingers that he was busy with another part of his beat. There were enough shadows on the lawn that I was able to stay within them the whole way – until I reached the back fence. It was lit up pretty well, and really, the only assets I had were that I was a fast climber and that the guard hadn’t surfaced yet. Falling back on that hope that the universe owed me some favors – especially after tricking me about Alicia – I gulped and scrambled over. No one shouted at me when I landed on the other side, and I breathed a sigh of relief. I’d made it out. Getting back in would be harder, but that was a problem for later, hopefully one Ms. Terwilliger could help out with. I found Adrian waiting for me in the Mustang, exactly where I’d indicated. He gave me a sidelong glance as he drove us away. â€Å"No black catsuit?† â€Å"It’s in the laundry.† He smiled. â€Å"Of course it is. Now, where are we going, and what’s going on?† â€Å"We’re going to Ms. Terwilliger’s,† I said. â€Å"And what’s going on is that we’ve been walking around in front of the enemy this entire time without even realizing it.† I watched Adrian as I related my revelations and saw his face go from disbelieving to dismayed the more I spoke. â€Å"Her aura was too perfect,† he said once I finished. â€Å"Perfectly neutral, perfectly average. No one’s is like that. I brushed it off, though. Figured maybe it was just a weird human one.† â€Å"Can someone influence how their aura looks?† I asked. â€Å"Not to that extent,† he said. â€Å"I don’t know enough about these charms you guys use, but I’m guessing it was one of those that skewed the way her colors looked.† I slumped into the seat, still angry at not having figured this out sooner. â€Å"On the bright side, she doesn’t know we’re on to her and Veronica. That could give us an advantage.† When we reached Ms. Terwilliger’s house, we found all the lights on, which was a surprise. I’d assumed she was in bed, though this certainly wouldn’t be the first time she’d missed a phone call. Only, when we reached the house and knocked on the door, there was no answer. Adrian and I exchanged looks. â€Å"Maybe she had to leave abruptly,† he said. The tone of his voice conveyed what his words didn’t. What if Ms. Terwilliger had already found out what we had and had taken off to fight Alicia and Veronica? I had no idea how powerful Alicia was, but the odds didn’t seem promising. When no answer came from my second knock, I nearly kicked the door in frustration. â€Å"Now what?† Adrian turned the doorknob, and the door opened right up. â€Å"How about we wait for her?† he suggested. I grimaced. â€Å"I don’t know if I’m comfortable breaking into her place.† â€Å"She left the door unlocked. She’s practically inviting us in.† He pushed the door open farther and looked at me expectantly. I didn’t want to go back to Amberwood without speaking to her tonight, nor did I want to sit on her doorstep. Hoping she wouldn’t mind us making ourselves at home, I gave a nod of resignation and followed Adrian inside. Her house was the same as ever, cluttered and redolent with the scent of incense. Suddenly, I came to a standstill. â€Å"Wait. Something’s different.† It took me a moment to figure it out, and when I did, I couldn’t believe I hadn’t realized it immediately. â€Å"The cats are gone.† â€Å"Holy shit,† said Adrian. â€Å"You’re right.† At least one of them always came to greet visitors, and others were usually visible on furniture, under tables, or simply occupying the middle of the floor. But now, there were no cats in sight. I stared around in disbelief. â€Å"What in the world could – â€Å" An earsplitting shriek made me jump. I looked down toward my hip and found the dragon sticking his head out of my satchel and trying to claw his way up my side. Belatedly, I realized I’d forgotten to cover the aquarium. He’d apparently slipped inside the bag back in my room. The sound he was making now was similar to his hunger cry – except even more annoying. Then, impossibly, he nipped my leg. I bent over and tried to pull him off me. â€Å"I don’t have any pie! What are you trying to – ahh!† Something zoomed over my head and smashed into the wall behind me with a loud splat. A couple wet drops of something landed on my cheek and began to burn. It was a wonder I didn’t hear a sizzling sound. â€Å"Sydney!† Adrian cried. I turned toward where he was looking and saw Alicia standing in the doorway between the living room and the kitchen. Her palm was raised toward us, a shimmery and gooey substance cupped in it. Presumably it was the same substance that currently seared my skin. I almost wiped it away but feared I’d simply be spreading it to my fingers. I winced and tried to ignore it. â€Å"Sydney† said Alicia pleasantly. â€Å"Or should I say Taylor? I figured I’d be seeing you two again. Just not so soon. I guess your car trouble didn’t delay you tonight.† â€Å"We know everything,† I told her, keeping on an eye on that goo. â€Å"We know you’re working for Veronica.† The smug look on her face momentarily shifted, overcome by surprise. â€Å"Working for her? I got rid of her ages ago.† â€Å"Got rid of. . . .† For a few seconds, I was at a loss. Then the rest of the puzzle pieces fell together. â€Å"You’re the one who’s been absorbing those girls. And that witch in San Diego. And . . . Veronica Terwilliger.† I’d been able to track Veronica back to the inn with the scrying spell. When Ms. Terwilliger had attempted a different locating spell, she’d come up blank. She’d assumed it was because Veronica had some sort of shielding. But the truth, I was suddenly certain, was that Veronica was already comatose. There was no active mind for Ms. Terwilliger to reach because Alicia had consumed Veronica. Ms. Terwilliger . . . â€Å"You’re here for her,† I said. â€Å"Ms. Terwilliger. Not me.† â€Å"The untrained do make easy targets,† conceded Alicia. â€Å"But they don’t have the same power as full-fledged witches, who can be just as easy to absorb if you break them down first. I don’t need the youth like Veronica did, just the power. Once she showed me how the spell works, I was able to catch her in a weak moment. That other college girl tided me over until I wore down Alana Kale.† Where had I heard that name? Alana . . . she was Ms. Terwilliger’s comatose coven sister. â€Å"And finally I can take out the big hit: Jaclyn Terwilliger. I actually wasn’t sure if I’d be able to break her, but it turns out she’s done an awesome job of wearing herself out these last few weeks, all in the service of protecting her sweet little apprentice.† â€Å"I’m not her . . .† I couldn’t finish. I’d been about to say I wasn’t her apprentice, and yet . . . wasn’t I? I wasn’t just dabbling in magic anymore. I had joined the ranks. And now, I had to protect my mentor, just as she’d protected me. If it wasn’t too late. â€Å"Where is she?† I demanded. â€Å"She’s around,† said Alicia, clearly delighting in having the upper hand here. â€Å"I wish you hadn’t found out about all this. You would’ve made a good hit, once you’d learned a little bit more. You’re just a small spark to Jaclyn’s flame right now. She’s the big score tonight.† â€Å"Tell us where she is,† ordered Adrian, a powerful note in his voice that I recognized. Alicia’s gaze flicked from me to him. â€Å"Oh, please,† she scoffed. â€Å"Stop wasting my time with your vampire compulsion. I realized what was going on after that first visit, when I kept having trouble remembering your faces.† From her jumble of necklaces, she showed us a jade circle. â€Å"I acquired this afterward. Makes me impervious to your ‘charms.'† Something that resisted vampire magic? That would be a useful item to have in my bag of tricks. I’d have to look into it . . . provided I survived tonight. I saw Alicia tense to throw again, and I managed to jump out of the way, pulling Adrian with me toward the living room. More of that goo splattered behind us with a hiss. I produced a dried thistle blossom and crumpled it toward Alicia, shouting a Greek incantation that would blind her. She made a small wave with her left hand and sneered at me. â€Å"Really?† she asked. â€Å"That remedial blindness spell? Maybe you aren’t a prodigy after all.† Adrian suddenly flipped open a small panel in the wall beside us. I hadn’t even noticed it, largely because I’d been too distracted about having my face melted off. I saw a flurry of motion from his hand, and suddenly, we were plunged into darkness. â€Å"Now this is remedial blindness,† he muttered. Alicia swore. I froze, immobilized by the blackness around me. As much as I appreciated any attempts to slow Alicia down, I was kind of at a loss myself. I felt Adrian’s hand grab hold of mine, and without a word, he tugged me farther into the living room. I followed quickly, relying on his superior vampire eyesight to guide us. I could already hear Alicia chanting and was sure some light-giving spell was coming soon. Either that or something that would magically fix a fuse box. â€Å"Careful,† Adrian murmured. â€Å"Stairs.† Sure enough, I felt my foot hit a wooden step. He and I hurried down as quietly and as quickly as we could, descending into a basement. My eyes still hadn’t adjusted to the darkness, and I wondered if I’d just entered some secret dungeon. Yet as he wound us through stacks of boxes, I realized the basement was just used for ordinary storage. There was a lot of junk down here. After seeing Ms. Terwilliger’s already messy house, I wondered what more she could possibly own. Adrian finally stopped when we were in a far corner behind some oblong boxes stacked nearly as high as me. He pulled me to him, keeping me in his arms so that he could speak softly in my ear. My head lay against his chest, and I could hear his rapid heartbeat, a mirror for my own. â€Å"That was a good idea,† I said in as low a voice as I could manage. â€Å"But now we’re trapped down here. It would’ve been better if we could go outside.† â€Å"I know,† he whispered back. â€Å"But she was too close to the door, and I didn’t have time to mess with a window.† Above us, I could hear the floor creaking as Alicia walked through the house. â€Å"It’s just a matter of time,† I said. â€Å"I was hoping it’d give you a chance to think of something to get us out of here. Can’t you use that fireball? You were pretty good at it.† â€Å"Not inside. Especially not in a basement. I’d burn this place down around us. And we don’t know where Ms. Terwilliger is yet.† I racked my brain. The house was small enough that there weren’t that many places Alicia could have stashed Ms. Terwilliger. And I had to assume she was stashed somewhere, if she hadn’t come to our aid already. Alicia’s language made it sound like she hadn’t sucked away Ms. Terwilliger’s power yet, so hopefully she was just incapacitated. â€Å"You must be able to do something,† said Adrian, tightening his hold on me. â€Å"You’re brilliant, and you’ve been reading all those spell books.† It was true. I’d consumed tons of material these last couple of months – material I wasn’t even supposed to have learned – but somehow, in this one terrified moment, my mind couldn’t focus on any of it. â€Å"I’ve forgotten everything.† â€Å"No, you haven’t.† His voice in the darkness was calm and reassuring. He smoothed back my hair and pressed one of those half kisses to my forehead. â€Å"Just relax and focus. Sooner or later, she’ll be coming down those stairs after us. We need to take her out or at least slow her down so that we can escape.† His reasonable words centered me and allowed the gears of logic that ran my life to take over again. A little light was coming through from the basement’s small, high windows, allowing my eyes to finally adjust and make out some of the dark shapes in the basement. I could still hear Alicia moving around upstairs, so I crept away from Adrian and walked over to the staircase. With a few graceful hand arcs, I chanted a spell over the steps and then hurried back to my corner with Adrian, slipping back under the shelter of his arm. â€Å"Okay,† I said. â€Å"I think I’ve got a minor delay ready.† â€Å"What is it?† he asked. Just then, we heard the door at the top of the stairs open. Light spilled down, though we still remained in the shadows. â€Å"You’re out of options,† I heard Alicia say. â€Å"No place left to – ahh!† There was a loud thump-thump-thump-thump as she went sliding down the stairs and hit the bottom with a crack. â€Å"Invisible ice on the stairs,† I told Adrian. â€Å"I know I’m not supposed to say this,† he said. â€Å"But I think I love you more than ever.† I took his hand and tried not to think about how happy his words made me, even in this life-or-death situation. â€Å"Come on.† We left our hiding spot and found Alicia sprawled ungracefully on the floor, trying to get to her feet. A silver orb of light hovered in the air near her, bobbing along faithfully with her movements. Seeing us, she snarled and waved her hands to cast at us. I’d anticipated this and had an amulet ready. I swung it on its silken cord and said a few quick words as we passed her. A brief, shimmering shield flared between us and her, just barely absorbing the small glowing darts she hurled our way. The shield was similar to the one Ms. Terwilliger had used at the park but had to be summoned on the spot and didn’t last long. I didn’t know what Alicia planned on doing next, but obviously, something bad was coming. I cast a preemptive spell I’d never used before, one of the ones that Ms. Terwilliger had told me not to bother with. It took a lot of energy and was powerful if used correctly, yet was deceptively simple and elegant in its effects. I merely blasted Alicia across the room with a wave of power just as she was about to stand. She flew backward, into a stack of Christmas items. A box of ornaments fell down, shattering near her on the hard floor. Casting the spell left me dizzy, but I managed to keep moving. I summoned a fireball when we reached the stairs but held it in my hand, keeping it low as though I were going to roll a Skee-Ball – though my intent was simply to carry it. I prayed it would melt the ice, and after my first few steps, I knew I was right. â€Å"Careful,† I warned Adrian. â€Å"They’re wet.† We made it to the top, but Alicia had already scrambled after us. From the bottom of the stairs, she used the same spell on me that I’d used on her, throwing a wave of invisible energy at Adrian and me that knocked us to the floor. I’d been holding on to the fireball, despite Ms. Terwilliger’s warnings about how doing so would drain my own power. When Alicia knocked me down, the fireball flew from my hand and landed on Ms. Terwilliger’s couch. Considering it looked as though it was covered in some cheap fabric from the 1970s, I wasn’t entirely surprised that it lit up so fast. On the bright side, the fire solved our darkness problem. On the downside, it meant the house was likely going to burn down around us after all. The callistana, who hadn’t been fast enough to keep up with us when we’d gone downstairs, came scurrying over to my side. I had only half a heartbeat to make a decision. â€Å"Go look in the rest of the house for Ms. Terwilliger,† I told Adrian. â€Å"I’ll stop Alicia.† The growing fire created weird shadows on his face, highlighting his anguish at this. â€Å"Sydney.† â€Å"This is one of those times you have to trust me without question,† I said. â€Å"Hurry! Find her and get her out.† I saw a thousand emotions flash through his eyes before he obeyed and ran off toward the other wing of the house. The fire was spreading rapidly throughout the living room, in a way that had to be magical. The increasing smoke gave me an idea, and I cast a spell that enhanced it, creating a hazy wall at the entrance to the basement stairs. It allowed the dragon and me to make a short retreat before Alicia appeared, parting the smoke as cleanly as though she were opening curtains. â€Å"That,† she declared. â€Å"Hurt.† I cast a spell that should’ve encased her in spiderwebs, but they fell away before they even reached her. It was infuriating. I’d memorized so much, but these â€Å"remedial† spells weren’t working. I understood now why Ms. Terwilliger’s main strategy had been for me to lie low and hide my ability. How would I have ever been able to take on Veronica? True, Alicia had taken her out, but only after probably weakening her as she had Ms. Terwilliger. I even understood now why Ms. Terwilliger had told me to get a gun – which, I realized now, I’d left in the car. The ice spell had worked because Alicia hadn’t seen it coming. The only other spell that had worked on her was the blast of power, an advanced one that had still left me weak. It was going to take another one of those, I realized. I had no idea if I had the ability to do a second one, but trying was the only chance I had of – I screamed as what felt like a thousand volts of electricity shot through me. Alicia’s hand movement had been so subtle, and she hadn’t even spoken. I fell down again, writhing in pain as Alicia strode toward me, her face triumphant. The dragon bravely put himself between the two of us, and she simply kicked him aside. I heard him yelp as he skittered across the floor. â€Å"Maybe I should absorb you,† said Alicia. The shocks abated, and I could only sit there and gasp for breath. â€Å"You could be my fifth. I can come back for Jaclyn in a few years. You’ve turned out to be a lot more powerful than I thought – and annoyingly resourceful. You even made a good effort tonight.† â€Å"Who says I’m done?† I managed to say. I cast the first of the advanced spells that came to mind. Maybe it was inspired by the broken Christmas ornaments, but suddenly, I had broken shards on the brain. The spell required no words or physical components and only the slightest of hand movements. The rest was taken from me – a draining of energy and power that hurt almost as much as the electrifying spell Alicia had just used. But oh, the results were breathtaking. On Ms. Terwilliger’s coffee table (which was now on fire) sat a set of five perpetual motion balls. I used a transmutation spell on them, forcing them out of their spherical shape and breaking them apart into thin, sharp razor blades. They broke free of their strings and came at my command. That was the easy part. The hard part was, as Ms. Terwilliger had told me, actually attacking someone. And not just making them slip and fall. That wasn’t so bad. But an actual physical attack, one you knew would cause direct and terrible damage, was an entirely different issue. It didn’t matter how terrible Alicia was, that she’d tried to kill me and wanted to victimize Ms. Terwilliger and countless others. Alicia was still a living person, and it was not in my nature to show violence or try to take another’s life. It was, however, in my nature to save my own life and those of my loved ones. I braced myself and ordered the razors forward. They slammed into her face. She screamed and frantically tried to pull them out but in doing so lost her balance and went back down the stairs. I heard her shriek as she fell into the basement. Although I couldn’t see her, her magical lantern orb merrily followed her all the way down. My triumph was short-lived. I was more than dizzy. I was on the verge of passing out. The heat and light from the fire were overwhelming, yet my vision was going dark from the exhaustion of casting a spell I was in no way ready for. I suddenly just wanted to curl up there on the floor and close my eyes where it was comfortable and warm. . . . â€Å"Sydney!† Adrian’s voice jolted me out of my haze, and I managed to peer up at him through heavy eyelids. He slipped an arm around me to help me up. When my legs didn’t work, he simply scooped me up altogether and carried me. The dragon, who’d suffered no permanent damage from the kick, clung to my shirt and scurried into the bag that was still draped over my shoulder. â€Å"Where . . . Ms. Terwilliger. . . .† â€Å"Not here,† Adrian said, heading swiftly toward the front door. The fire was spreading over the walls and ceiling now. Although it hadn’t quite made it to the front of the house yet, our way was still thick with smoke and ash. We both were coughing, and tears ran out of my eyes. Adrian reached the door and turn the knob, yelping at how hot it was. Then he managed to kick the door open with his foot, and we were free, out into the clean night air. Neighbors had gathered outside, and I could hear sirens in the distance. Some of the spectators watched us curiously, but most were transfixed by the inferno that was Ms. Terwilliger’s bungalow. Adrian carried me over to his car and gently set me down so that I could lean against it, though he still kept an arm around me. We both stared in awe at the fire. â€Å"I really did look, Sydney,† he said. â€Å"I couldn’t find Jackie in the house. Maybe she escaped.† I prayed he was right. Otherwise, we had just abandoned my history teacher to a fiery death. â€Å"What happened to Alicia?† â€Å"Last I saw, she was in the basement.† A sickening feeling twisted in my stomach. â€Å"I don’t know if she’ll get out. Adrian, what have I just done?† â€Å"You defended yourself. And me. And hopefully Jackie.† His arm tightened around me. â€Å"Alicia was evil. Look what she did to those other witches – what she wanted to do to you guys.† â€Å"I never saw it coming,† I said bleakly. â€Å"I thought I was so smart. And each time I talked to her, I dismissed her as some dumb, scattered girl. Meanwhile, she was laughing and countering my moves every step of the way. It’s humbling. I don’t meet many people like that.† â€Å"The Moriarty to your Holmes?† he suggested. â€Å"Adrian,† I said. It was all I needed to say. He suddenly did a double take, noticing my attire for the first time tonight now that the jacket had come open. â€Å"You’re wearing your AYE shirt?† â€Å"Yeah, I never wage magical battles without – â€Å" A small mewling noise suddenly caught my attention. I searched around until I spotted two green eyes peering at me from under a bush across the street. I managed to straighten up and found that my legs, though weak, could support my weight again. I took a few halting steps toward the bush, and Adrian immediately ran to my side. â€Å"What are you doing? You need help,† he said. I pointed. â€Å"We have to follow that cat.† â€Å"Sydney – â€Å" â€Å"Help me,† I pleaded. He couldn’t resist. Supporting me with his arm again, he helped me walk across the street toward the cat. It ran ahead between two bushes, then glanced back at us. â€Å"It wants us to follow,† I told him. So we did, cutting through houses and streets until when we were about four blocks from the bungalow, the cat dashed off into a park. Whatever energy I’d had when I started after the cat was long gone. I was panting and dizzy again and fighting hard to resist asking Adrian to carry me. Something in the center of the park caught my attention and gave me one last burst of adrenaline to run forward. There, lying on the grass, was Ms. Terwilliger. She was awake, thankfully, but looked nearly as exhausted as I felt. Tears and smudges suggested she’d been through quite an ordeal. She had managed to escape Alicia, but not without a fight. That was why we hadn’t been able to find her in the house. Seeing me, she blinked in surprise. â€Å"You’re okay,† she said. â€Å"And you found me.† â€Å"The cats led us,† I said, pointing. All thirteen of them were sitting around in the park, surrounding their owner – making sure she was okay. She glanced around at them and managed a weary smile. â€Å"See? I told you cats are useful.† â€Å"Callistanas aren’t so bad either,† I said, looking down at my satchel. â€Å"That ‘pain in the ass’ screeching saved me from a face full of acid.† Adrian put his hand to his heart in mock horror. â€Å"Sage, did you just swear?† Glancing over, Ms. Terwilliger noticed him for the first time. â€Å"And you’re here too? I’m so sorry you had to get dragged into this mess. I know you didn’t ask for any of this trouble.† â€Å"It doesn’t matter,† said Adrian, smiling. He rested a hand on my shoulder. â€Å"Some things are worth the trouble.† How to cite The Indigo Spell Chapter Twenty-Three, Essay examples

The Fall Of Germany In World War I Essays - France In World War I

The Fall of Germany in World War I None of the European power wanted World War I, but they feared Germany. Germany was newly unified, and was beating the European powers in population and Industry. France wanted to recover the Alsace-Lorraine. Britain was a country used to being on the ocean, so they felt threatened by Germany's colonial expansion and William II's insisting on a large navy. Russia and Austria feared pressure on their unstable empires. In 1887 William II refused to renew the Reinsurance treaty with Russia, but continued the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. In 1894 Russia made an alliance with France, and Great Britain settled it's differences with France in the Entente Cordiale in 1904 forming the Triple Entente. The assassination, with Serbian Knowledge, of the liberal Austrian archduke Francis Ferdinan in Sarajevo in June 1914 was the spark that set off the war. Germany assured Austria full support, which resulted in an Austrian ultimatum that Serbia could not accept. Austria declared war on Serbia. Russia mobilized to defend Serbia, then Germany declared war on Russia. Germany also declared war on France. Germany wanted a quick defeat of France. To avoid the French frontier, German forces moved through neutral Belgium thinking they would take Paris by surprise. The Germans encountered more resiezce than expected in Belgium, giving France time to prepare. [Caidin 207] This violation of international law destroyed all sympathy for the Central Powers. Although German forces nearly reached Paris, the British and French Miraculously turned back the Germans at the Battle of Marne. The two sides dug trenches for a war that would last four years. The Russians then attacked sending Germany into a two front war. The Germans defeated the Russians Many times on the east, but the Allies blockaded the Germans on the east by cutting off food and raw materials, The Germans became desperate to break the blockade, so they declared unrestricted submarine warfare. [Villiers 176] After several American ships were sunk, the United States entered the war in 1917. The Russians were in the middle of several revolutions so they were not a threat to Germans. In 1918 when the Germans did not have to worry about the east, they launched an all out offensive attack in the west, but the United Allies slowly turned the tide. Realizing the situation was hopeless the German High Command urged William to let a new civil government sue for peace. Woodrow Wilson, U.S. President from 1913 to 1921, insisted on dealing with citizens. William grudgingly appointed Prince Max of Baden as chancellor. Even Though Wilson was negotiating with the chancellor there were still many problems. Fighting continued, sailors mutinied, socialist staged strikes, workers and military formed Communist councils, and revolution broke out in Bavaria. [Grolier] Prince Max announced the abdication of William II and resigned. When Germany surrendered and changed its government, it expected a negotiated peace rather than the harsh terms of the Versailles treaty of 1919. The allies were determined to receive reparations for their losses and to see that Germany was never in a position to harm them again. Germany lost the Alsace-Lorraine to France and lost West Prussia to Poland. It also lost all its colonies and had to give up most of its coal, trains, and merchant ships, as well as its navy. Germany had to limit its army and submit to Allied occupation of Rhineland for 15 years. Worst of all, the Germans had to accept full responsibility for causing the war and, consequently pay its total cost. The Germans did not consider themselves anymore guilty than anyone else and could not possibly pay all of the costs demanded. The Versailles treaty seemed fair to the Allies point of view, but it did not ensure a lasting peace. By accepting the treaty the German Government gained a bad name among its people. [Encarta96] The war reparations put a enormous strain on a country already bankrupted by four years of war. In Weimar in 1919 a nationalist assembly, led by the Social democratic party, wrote a democratic constitution for the new German Reich. But the prospects of the Weimar Republic, as it was familiarly known, were dim. For most Germans the government was

Women and Honor Summary Essays

Women and Honor Summary Essays Women and Honor Summary Paper Women and Honor Summary Paper Adrienne Rich’s essay Women and Honor: Some Notes on Lying focused on the â€Å"possibility of life† between individuals anchored in truth. To examine the difference between the personal relationships of women between women and of man created a backdrop of women’s fears in losing control over a relationship and isolation. It posed women to be vulnerable in using lies as an alternate reality. Lying is a scapegoat in concealing the harsh truth that requires lengthy explanations. Therefore, women are prone to committing the act of lying because it is with falsity that affirms women of their control in their own relationships and in their lives. Lies destroy the communication of the truth and the being. Lies embody us to a different person. It is every lie that makes the recognition of the truth and the self impossible. In effect, the deceptive feeling of a women’s power to control her relationships worsen the complicity of identifying and keeping in touch with the truth of who she is and her essence. On the contrary, lies, whether in words or in silence, rewarded a woman with a feeling of security and making things easier to deal with. The males became the women’s affirmation of their worth because the male are believed to be the speakers of the truths and facts. In fact, men only needed women to prove their manhood and to gratify their longing to hear what they want. Yet, women still continued to hide behind the veil of lies because of the social rejection when it comes to the deeper emotions involved between women. Women must face the truth in order to fill the emptiness and aloneness they feel. Only truth will give birth to the possibilities of honor, honesty, and trust between people. It is the beginning of the resolution to unravel the questions behind the complexity of being a woman. It is only with truth that love emerges and brings a deeper meaning in our life. Reference: Oates, Joyce Carol, and Robert Atwan. The Best American Essays of the Century. Boston: Mariner Books, 2001.

The Mysterious Tunguska Explosion of 1908

The Mysterious Tunguska Explosion of 1908 At 7:14 a.m. on June 30, 1908, a giant explosion shook central Siberia. Witnesses close to the event described seeing a fireball in the sky, as bright and hot as another sun. Millions of trees fell and the ground shook. Although a number of scientists investigated, it is still a mystery as to what caused the explosion. The Blast The explosion is estimated to have created the effects of a magnitude 5.0 earthquake, causing buildings to shake, windows to break, and people to be knocked off their feet even at 40 miles away. The blast, centered in a desolate and forested area near the Podkamennaya Tunguska River in Russia, is estimated to have been a thousand times more powerful than the bomb dropped on Hiroshima. The explosion leveled an estimated 80 million trees over an 830 square-mile area in a radial pattern from the blast zone. Dust from the explosion hovered over Europe, reflecting light that was bright enough for Londoners to read at night by it. While many animals were killed in the blast, including hundreds of local reindeer, it is believed that no humans lost their lives in the blast.   Examining the Blast Area The blast zones remote location and the intrusion of worldly affairs (World War I and the Russian Revolution) meant that it wasnt until 1927 19 years after the event that the first scientific expedition was able to examine the blast area. Assuming that the blast had been caused by a falling meteor, the expedition expected to find a huge crater as well as pieces of the meteorite. They found neither. Later expeditions were also unable to find credible evidence to prove the blast was caused by a falling meteor. Cause Of the Explosion In the decades since this huge explosion, scientists and others have attempted to explain the cause of the mysterious Tunguska Event. The most commonly accepted scientific explanation is that either a meteor or a comet entered the Earths atmosphere and exploded a couple of miles above the ground (this explains the lack of impact crater). To cause such a large blast, some scientists determined that the meteor would have weighed around 220 million pounds (110,000 tons) and traveled approximately 33,500 miles per hour before disintegrating. Other scientists say that the meteor would have been much larger, while still others say much smaller. Additional explanations have ranged from the possible to the ludicrous, including a natural gas leak escaped from the ground and exploded, a UFO spaceship crashed, the effects of a meteor destroyed by a UFOs laser in an attempt to save Earth, a black hole that touched Earth, and an explosion caused by scientific tests done by Nikola Tesla. Still a Mystery Over a hundred years later, the Tunguska Event remains a mystery and its causes continue to be debated. The possibility that the blast was caused by a comet or meteor entering the Earths atmosphere creates additional worry. If one meteor could cause this much damage, then there is a serious possibility that in the future, a similar meteor could enter Earths atmosphere and rather than landing in remote Siberia, land on a populated area. The result would be catastrophic.

Concert Attendance Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Concert Attendance Report - Assignment Example Classical at the Freight brought some of the best classical musicians of the Bay Area. I spent the hour listening to outstanding chamber music in an atmosphere that was quite friendly and informal. The musicians were seated on the stage in a semi-circle carrying different musical instruments. The bands musical instruments included violin and cello. One man played both English horn and oboe simultaneously. Wooden paneling rising vertically from the floor to the Freight & Salvage Coffee House board made the background and created a very sophisticated and peaceful environment. Peter Lemberg is SFCO principal oboist. He came to the Freight with this friskily plangent musical program for the English horn and strings. Together with All-Stars of SFCO, Peter performed the music of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Jean Francaix. One of the songs performed by the band was â€Å"Quatuor (1971): 1. Allegro vivace by David Juritz, Rebecca Knight†. There was a lot of variety in the music. The structure of the music was soft and smooth and had a good flow. The purpose of the music was to create an atmosphere of comfort and light joy. The tempo of the song was allegro. The volume was reasonably loud to make it audible to the entire audience. The song had a soft and smooth rhythm and the melody was sweet. The first thing that came to my mind to hear such sweet melody was Tom & Jerry Cartoons. We often hear such music played in the background in the mouse and cat chase. The song belongs to the era few decades ago, but its sweet melody and energy makes it relevant to t he audience even today. I was very excited at the concert because it had occurred more as a surprise to me since I had not planned to go there originally. I listened to the music very attentively because my friends had praised this band a lot. I wanted to know why were they such big fans of the band. I enjoyed the concert because I witnessed the perfection and extreme talent of the

Explore and critically assess the EU's understanding of, commitment to Essay

Explore and critically assess the EU's understanding of, commitment to and strategy for sustainable development - Essay Example It has held several other meetings with the main agenda of enforcing and further expounding the definition of sustainable as per the arising issues. EU has enshrined sustainable development in the article 2 of its Treaty. In 2000, the Lisbon European Council meeting fused sustainable development in it socio-economic reform agenda. Later in 2002, the Gothenburg Summit adopted the Strategy for Sustainable Development. But the implementation of the strategy has not been as smooth as initially thought. This is reflected in the 2005 progress assessment which showed that there had been worsening trends since 2001. It was found that there had been little or no change and in some cases negative trend in the areas of climate change, public health, poverty levels, social lives, degradation of natural resources and threatened biodiversity. In the same year the head of states went further to adopt guiding principle on which sustainable development agenda will be based on. These guiding principles are what can be used as a base to understand the EU understanding of sustainable development. According to Jordan (2005), EU gives the understanding that there are various areas in human life that needs to be integrated in the development agenda if the world has t... In line with this it launched the European Climate Change Program in 2000. In 2005 it went further and started the EU's green house gas Emission Trading Scheme and a second climate change program. Its commitment to the issue of climate and development has not slowed and in 2007 it made commitment to reduce emission by 20% by 2020. EU worked tirelessly in campaigning for other countries to honor the Kyoto Protocol after United States withdrawal in 2001. Although it has faced problems in implementing the Kyoto Protocol commitment, it has made progress and efforts are needed to reach the emission cut of 8% by 2012. Although seen as a concern to the environment, this strategy may end up hurting the economy of the whole region. EU has been crictsized for going it alone in the fight against climate change regardless of the effects it will have on the economy. There has also been criticism from other bodies that the policies on environment currently pursued by EU are not enough and there is need to do more to save the situation. According to Skeldon (1997), the go it alone approach used by EU may not have the desired effects on climate change and there is need for world efforts to tackle the problem. The other problem that EU addresses in its sustainable development is the issue concerning public health. This has been a very important issue for all countries in the world and each one strives to make the health of its citizens better. EU has developed a health forum through which information is channeled to the public on the need for community health awareness. Through the forum, health professional can make their contributions in

Stress Corrosion Cracking of Brass in Ammonia

Stress Corrosion Cracking of Brass in Ammonia Six samples of brass were taken, stamped to induce residual stress, were then exposed ammonia and ammoniacal copper sulphate solutions of different concentrations and composition for a period of 4 days to study the corrosion characteristics of brass in ammonia. Five samples were immersed in the solution and one of the samples was suspended above solution. On visual examination of the samples revealed some corrosion products with stress corrosion cracking on the surface of brass. Microscopy analysis showed that the non-suspended sample which was exposed to ammonia vapour in presence of moisture and oxygen produced high susceptibility to SCC than immersion samples in aqueous ammonia. The cupric ion present in the solution appears as an oxidant that provides a cathodic reaction and induces stress corrosion cracking of brass in ammonia and ammoniacal solutions. INTRODUCTION: There are three factors under which stress corrosion cracking is possible a) corrosive medium/environment b) material and c) tensile stress. The corrosive medium to induce stress corrosion cracking depends on the potential, pH and temperature. The stress can be applied stress or residual stress. Stress corrosion cracking can occur in lower stress also hence it is the environment which plays a major role. Many studies carried out revealed that failures of brass occur mainly in moist conditions where ammonia, water and oxygen are present. Time of cracking depends on the pH of the solution. Dezincification of copper alloy is possible when the zinc content present is sufficient enough. The aim of this experimental work was to investigate the corrosion behaviour of brass in ammonia. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE: Six brass samples and five test solutions were used in the experiment to study the stress-corrosion cracking of brass. The brass samples were labelled A, B, C, D, E, and F following the residual stress given to them by stamping these letters into their surfaces using drill bits. The stamp was done at one end of the samples while the unstressed part served as the control for the experiment. The solutions serving as the test environments were also labelled using the letters 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D, 4E, 4F and their compositions are shown below. Compositions and colours of test solution observed before immersion Solution Label Composition Colour observed before sample immersion A Ammonium Sulphate with copper (II): 0.5M (NH4)SO4 + 0.05M CuSO4 Pale blue B Ammonia solution with copper (II): 2.5M NH4OH + 0.05M CuSO4 Dark blue C Mattsons solution at pH of 7.2 Medium blue D Modified Mattsons solution containing 5% by volume of 0.1M NaCl Medium blue E 1M Ammonia solution Colourless The labelled samples were placed in the glass jar provided and five of the test samples were filled with enough test solution (10mm) to ensure complete immersion of the sample. Excessive alteration of the concentration of the NH3 solution was avoided by covering the top of the containers. The sixth sample was suspended above solution E (1M NH3 solution) in a glass jar (4F) by means of a surgical nylon string. After sufficient exposure of the samples to the solutions for a period of four days, the samples were removed. The samples were visually examined first upon removal from the test solutions. The colours of the test solutions and corrosion products were recorded before the test samples were cleaned. The test samples were cleaned and rinsed in the pickling solution of 1M sulphuric acid solution in order to remove corrosion products formed on the surface of brass followed by rinsing with deionised water. Finally the samples were dried with tissues before being examined under an optical microscope for stress-corrosion cracking. RESULT AND DISCUSSION: Sample observation after exposure of 4 days to test solutions: Test Label Test Observation from visual examination and optical microscopy Reason 1 Brass sample immersed in solution A Solution remained pale blue. No cracks were seen.corrrosion products found. Localized Corrosion damage at the stressed area observed back of the sample Stress-corrosion cracking may occur with further exposure to the solution. 2 Brass sample immersed in solution B for 4 days Solution was darker compared to the original solution. Brass sample in tarnish condition (dark brown colouration). Crack at the stressed end. Stress-corrosion cracking of the sample. 3 Brass sample immersed in solution C No significant change in solution colour. No cracks were seen.corrrosion products found. Sample shows low possibilities to SCC 4 Brass sample immersed in solution D Dark brown corrosion products. Localized corrosion damage at the stressed end. No cracks seen. Stress-corrosion cracking may occur with further exposure to the solution. 5 Brass sample immersed in solution E Solution changed from colourless to light pale blue. Cracks seen. Colour change is likely due to formation of cupric ion, Cu2+. Stress-corrosion cracking at the stressed end. 6 Brass sample suspended above solution E Solution remained colourless. Tarnish film covering almost the entire surface. Cracks seen at stressed region Stress-corrosion cracking of the sample at the stressed end. Tarnish film likely to be cuprous oxide, Cu2O. Sample A:- A-1 A-2 Fig 1: Sample A immersed for 4 days in solution Ammonium Sulphate with copper (II): 0.5M (NH4)SO4 + 0.05M CuSO4 OBSERVATION: No stress corrosion cracking observed at the stressed end of the sample Fig A-1.some corrosion product was noticed on the back side of the sample Fig A-2. Sample B:- B-1 B-2 Fig 2: Sample B immersed for 4 days in solution Ammonia solution with copper (II): 2.5M NH4OH + 0.05M CuSO4 OBSERVATION: Stress corrosion cracking observed at the stress end and near the unstressed region just near to the stressed end Fig B-1.Dark corrosion product observed on the backside of the sample Fig B-2. Nature of cracks: Intergranular Sample C:- C-1 C-2 Fig 3: Sample C immersed for 4 days in Mattsons solution at pH of 7.2 OBSERVATION: No cracking or any other significant changes observed in this sample after even 4 days of exposure. Only dark corrosion products were observed on the sample. Sample D:- D-1 Fig 4: Sample D immersed for 4 days in Modified Mattsons solution containing 5% by volume of 0.1M NaCl OBSERVATION: No cracking or any other significant changes observed in this sample after even 4 days of exposure. Only dark corrosion products were observed on the sample. Sample E:- Fig: E-1 Fig: E-2 Fig 5: Sample D immersed for 4 days in 1M ammonia solution. OBSERVATION: Stress corrosion cracking observed at the stress end extending to the edges and Dark corrosion product observed on the backside of the sample Fig E-1 and E-2. Nature of cracks: Intergranular Sample F:- Fig: F-1 Fig: F-2 Fig 5: Sample D suspended above in 1M ammonia solution for 4 days. OBSERVATION: Stress corrosion cracking observed at the stress end extending to the edges and Dark corrosion product observed on the backside of the sample Fig F-1 and F-2. Nature of cracks: Intergranular. From Optical microscopy analysis it is evident that sample B (Fig 2 B1B2) immersed in a test solution containing Ammonia solution with copper (II):2.5M NH4OH + 0.05M CuSO4 , Sample E (Fig5-E1E2) suspended above the test solution of 1M Ammonia solution and Sample F (Fig6 F1F2) suspended above the test solution of 1M Ammonia solution had under gone stress corrosion cracking and shows that only in some particular environment SCC occurs. Apart from stress corrosion cracking dark tarnish corrosion product was observed which could possibly be oxide layer of copper. Rest of the three samples A (Fig1 A1 A2) immersed in a test solution containing Ammonium Sulphate with copper (II): 0.5M (NH4)SO4 + 0.05M CuSO4 , C (Fig 3 C1C2) immersed in a test solution of Mattssons solution at pH 7.2 and D (Fig 4 D) immersed in a test solution of Modified Mattsons solution containing 5% by Volume of 0.1M NaCl did not show any cracking but had tarnish corrosion product. These samples suffered localized corrosion at the stressed edges which can be seen in back side of the above 3 samples (Fig A2 C2). The electrochemical reactions of brass in ammonia environment are as follows: Copper free aqueous ammonia is oxygen reduction and primary oxidation reaction is oxidation of copper to form cuprous complex ions. Cu + 2NH3 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Cu (NH3)2+ + e- The cuprous complex ions formed further reacts with oxygen forming cupric complex ions 2Cu (NH3)2+ + 1/2 O2 + H2O + 4NH3 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 2Cu (NH3)42+ + 2OHà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Cuprous complex ion cupric complex ion The formation of cupric complex ions leads to stress corrosion cracking of brass in ammonia solutions. The process does not proceeds indefinitely since the attack of cupric complex ion (oxide layer) occurs at critical copper ion content which leads to decrease in corrosion rate but the cracking continues with the copper ion concentration. It is also evident from the black dark coloured product formed (Tarnish colour) on the surface that the cracks are intergranular in nature.The pores on the surface of the corrosion product were the sites for localized attack, likely to survive at the grain boundaries. In general the stress corrosion cracking in ÃŽÂ ± brass has considered being intergranular. On absence of the black coloured corrosion product it is believed that the cracks to be transgranular nature of crack. CONCLUSION: It is evident from the discussion carried out above that brass is susceptible to stress corrosion cracking in ammonia. Stress corrosion cracking was observed in the regions where residual stresses were generated leaving behind the rest of the areas which were not induced to stress. Formation of cupric complex ions leads to stress corrosion cracking of brass in ammonia solutions. The cracks formed on the brass surface can be further studied under SEM to provide detailed information on the nature of the crack formed. In order to overcome the above problem of stress corrosion cracking the following options can be opted Eliminating any one of the primary factor (Environment, material and stress) will mitigate stress corrosion cracking. Use of more cracking resistance alloys such as Cu-10Ni instead of Cu-Zn

Analysis on “The Merchant of Venice” by William Shakespeare Essay

In life, things are not always what they seem. People may appear to be one way but turn out to be an entirely different. The romantic-comedy, The Merchant of Venice, by William Shakespeare, shows the deliberate use of deception by the characters. Deception is a tool that is used for many purposes. The purposes can be harmful, protective or for personal gain. In The Merchant of Venice, Portia, Jessica, and Shylock are all characters who use deception to carry out their own motives. Shylock, the hated Jew, makes his living through the practice of usury and uses deception when Antonio asks to borrow money from him. Shylock agrees to lend Antonio three hundred ducats if Antonio is willing to sign a bond that would allow Shylock to have â€Å"an equal pound of [his] fair flesh†(I, iii, 145-146). He expresses the bond â€Å"in a merry sport†(I, iii, 141) and uses this bond to also show that â€Å"[he] would be friends with [Antonio], and have [his] love†(I, iii, 134). Though Shylock’s description of the conditions in the bond makes it seem as if Shylock does not mean harm, his intentions are to harm and humiliate Antonio. Antonio says that â€Å"[he] neither lend[s] nor borrow[s] by talking nor by giving of excess†(I, iii, 57-58) and is willing to do that for his dear friend, Bassanio. At first, Antonio is not blinded Shylock’s friendly pretence, aware that Shylock â€Å"is like a villain with a smiling face [and] a goodly apple rotten at the heart†(I, iii, 96-97). However, in the end Antonio accepts the terms of the bond. The cruel use of deception from Shylock is to help fulfill his intention of revenge against Antonio. The deliberate use of cruelness in falsehood is also shown in Shylock’s own daughter, Jessica. Jessica runs off with her Christian lover, Lorenzo. Jessica is â€Å"asham’d to be [her] father’s child†(II, iii, 17) and describes that her â€Å"house is hell†(II, iii, 2). Jessica lies to her father when he asks her what his servant, Launcelot, said to her as he left the house. Launcelot actually told Jessica to watch out for Lorenzo who would be coming by the house later, but she tells her father that Launcelot just said farewell to her. Shylock, of course, trusts his daughter and does not know that she is deceiving him. Another deception by Jessica is when at the night of her elopement, she is disguised as a page boy. She must do this for women  are not allowed to be out in the streets at night during the Elizabethan times. While leaving, she steals and gives Lorenzo some of her father’s valuable possessions. Later on with the jewels she stol e from her father, her mother’s ring is among them and uses it to purchase frivolous things like a monkey. Jessica’s use of deception causes much grief for Shylock not only because of the stolen jewels and ducats but also the loss of his daughter. Portia is another woman who is involved many deceptive plots many which occur during the lottery of the caskets. The choosing of the caskets is bestowed upon her from her father who past away. The lottery involves suitors taking the chance of Portia’s hand in marriage. A particular suitor, the Prince of Morocco arrives to take this risk. In this scene, Morocco pleads Portia to â€Å"mislike [him] not for [his] complexion†(II, i, 1). Portia tells Morocco that she does not mind the complexion of his skin and that he is â€Å"then stood as fair as any corner [she] ha[s] look’d on yet for [her] affection†(II, i, 20). Once he leaves, however, Portia says, â€Å"Let all of his complexion choose me so†(II, vii, 78-79). Portia sets an innocent and admirable face when Morocco or any other suitor is choosing the casket, but the minute he leaves, she mocks them; all except Bassanio. Although this scene shows a cruel deception by Portia, she did it to be polite as was expected of her. Portia uses this deliberate deception further in the play but in a more dignified way. In Act 4 scene 1, Portia dresses as a male lawyer in order to deceive the court and save her husband’s friend, Antonio. She must disguise herself because in Elizabethan times, women were not allowed to participate in law or any other profession. This time, Portia’s deception is not harmful, but is a far more selfless act. Portia sees that disguise is the only method to save Antonio’s life that is very dear to her husband, Bassanio. Dressed as a young lawyer, Portia manipulates the law with her intellect and saves Antonio’s life from certain death by of Shylock. Shakespeare made use of deception and false face in The Merchant of Venice because it is part of our everyday lives. All three characters deliberately use deception in order to achieve their goal. There are many different motivations for the use of a false face and these are shown in The Merchant  of Venice. Whether it is Shylock using it for revenge, Jessica to search for a happier life or Portia to encourage peace, Shakespeare’s use of deception is for the audience to realize that for our own expediency, society takes advantage of the false face.

Essay on Crime

Essay on Crime Inchoate Crimes Inchoate crime is legally defined by the law as a preparedness of an individual to be involved in a crime. Inchoate crimes are sometimes referred to as incomplete crimes since the people intending to commit the crime is stopped by the law from committing the offence before he/she commits the perceived crime. Most of the times inchoate crime often criminals attempt to engage in criminal activity. The laws of several countries describe inchoate crimes as illegally deemed conducts that do not involve an action of an actual harm given that the law serves an obligation of trying to prevent the damage from occurring (Ashworths et al., 454). It is important to note that inchoate crimes involve both direct and indirect actions of crime participation. Inchoate crimes are classified into three parts which include; solicitation, conspiracy and attempt to commit a crime (Utset, 52). Types Of Inchoate Crimes Try To Commit A Crime; An attempt to commit a crime is defined as an inchoate crime since the individuals trying to commit a crime are more often trying to engage themselves in criminal activity to no avail of fulfilling their intended actions. Some examples of attempted crime involve threats and blackmail. Try to get to committing crimes are often precipitated by challenges that individuals go through. Conspiracy is a type of an inchoate crime whereby people come into an agreement with another party in the verge of committing a crime. Conspiracy to commit a crime is an indirect involvement in a criminal activity and therefore referred to as inchoate crime. Persons found guilty to involve in the conspiracy to perform an illegal activity are liable to the wrath of the laws despite the fact that they were not participating in the crime itself. Solicitation, on the other hand, is an inchoate crime whereby a person who intends to commit a crime does not personally engage in a crime but asks another person to commit the offense on their behalf. According to the international standards of legal justice, the person involved in a solicit crime should be charged with a criminal offense even if they do not commit the crime (Van et al., 71). A good example of a solicitation crime is that of murder where an individual pays someone or a group to kill. Defenses That Show That an Actor Did Not Have The Mental Ability To Form The Necessary Intent To Commit A Crime Sometimes individuals may be forced to commit a crime beyond their expectations. Some of the reasons that people often give a defense to committing a crime without their intent include; self-defence, threat, and blackmail or drug influence. People may defend themselves to have committed a crime due to the threat that they receive from perpetrators. For instance, an individual whose loved one has been kidnapped may be involved in a conspiracy crime of failing to report such a case to the police due to threat and blackmail information they received from the criminal. Such individuals due to fear are forced to give into the demands of the major crimes for the sake of their loved one safety. In other instances, people may be involved in non-intended criminal activity when trying to defend themselves from something they perceive to be harmful to their well being. For example, a rape victim who frees his/herself from the perpetrators by use of force and pain infliction to the perpetrator i s considered to have acted in self-defense. However, not all cases of defenses are accepted by the law to be the cause of mental ability to perform an intent crime. For instance; Constitutional requirements do not accept influence of alcohol as a defence to an individual involvelvement in criminal activities ( Sieber, 19). Two Elements Of A Crime The main elements of any criminal acts are illegal act/ actus reus and criminal intent/mens rea. A criminal act described as an individual action to get involved in a criminal act or unlawfully omitting a legal act. Mens Rea, on the other hand, is a criminal element which determines the cause of an individual to engage in a criminal and whether the individual had the right state of mind to justify his/her intent to commit a crime.

Ecologically Sustainable Development and the Role of Australian Court for Workable Solutions Free Essay Example, 2500 words

Chow and Soh, noted the strange shift of primary actors - from local to global and then to corporations. With this, legal and holistic lines are considered. The role of multinational corporations in the environment as well as on the laws enacted to protect it has grown more significant over the decade. The growing importance of MNCs further complicate the problems on environmental laws as policy after policy between local, national, to international communities are forged. As in the case where MNCs invest in one locality, various forms of protections are already in place through bilateral investment treatises, state contracts, as well as governing bodies like the World Trade Organization (WTO). Investors demand more than what exists in one locality in order to protect their stakes and this has been seen to have added to the MNCs power to exploit even the environment (Tienhaara, 2006). As noted earlier, the early 20th century saw states enacting domestic legislation for the environme nt as collective action are needed at the state level. The middle of the century had seen the boom of industrialization so that MNCs actions need to be regulated as the environment becomes advertently affected. We will write a custom essay sample on Ecologically Sustainable Development and the Role of Australian Court for Workable Solutions or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page MNCs and local corporations became the primary polluters and criminal sanctions were enforced to corporations for violation of pollution control legislation (Reitze, 2001).